Έχοντας εξετάσει την πολιτικοφιλοσοφική κατάσταση καθώς και τις θεολογικές απόψεις που επικρατούν στους ηγετικούς κύκλους της ρωμαϊκής αυτοκρατορίας, γύρω στις αρχές της χρονολογίας μας, θα αποτελούσε μέγιστη –και άδικη– παράλειψη να μην αναφερθούμε στην εξίσου σημαντική φιλολογική πλευρά των χριστιανικών μύθων.
Όχι, δεν θα ασχοληθούμε με τις γνωστές και μονότονα επαναλαμβανόμενες αντιφάσεις ανάμεσα στα «θεόπνευστα» κείμενα, ούτε θα μελετήσουμε τα απόκρυφα βιβλία.
Μοναδικός αρωγός μας σ’ αυτή την προσπάθεια ένα βιβλίο που κυκλοφόρησε πριν από λίγους μήνες στην Αμερική και ήδη αποσπά διθυραμβικές κριτικές, ακόμα και από τους πλέον σκεπτικιστές σχολιαστές του. Τι προσφέρει αυτό το βιβλίο; Απαντήσεις, κατ’ αρχάς, σε διάφορα «σκοτεινά» σημεία του Ευαγγελίου του «Μάρκου» –του πρώτου και σημαντικότερου όπως έχουμε ήδη αναφέρει– που έχουν απασχολήσει για αιώνες του θεολόγους. Ας αναφερθούμε σε μερικά παραδείγματα:
Γιατί ο Ιησούς κοιμάται στην βάρκα κατά την διάρκεια της σφοδρής ανεμοθύελλας; Γιατί ο Ιησούς έπνιξε δύο χιλιάδες χοίρους; Γιατί ο Μάρκος εφευρίσκει την ιστορία με την εκτέλεση του Ιωάννη του Βαπτιστή, στην οποία μάλιστα εμπλέκονται και γυναίκες; Γιατί ο Ιησούς καταριέται την συκιά επειδή δεν είχε φρούτα εκτός εποχής; Γιατί οι μαθητές του εκπλήσσονται όταν βλέπουν τον Ιησού να «πολλαπλασιάζει» τους άρτους, αφού ήδη τον έχουν δει και παλιότερα να το κάνει; Πώς γνωρίζει ο Μάρκος τι είπε ο Ιησούς όταν βρισκόταν μόνος του στον κήπο της Γεσθημανή; Γιατί ο Μάρκος δεν αναφέρει την Μαρία τη Μαγδαληνή ή τις άλλες δύο γυναίκες που παρίστανται στην σταύρωση και πάνε στον τάφο του το πρωί της «ανάστασης» ή ακόμα και τον Ιωσήφ της Αριμαθαίας παρά μόνον μετά το θάνατο του Ιησού; Γιατί ο Ιωσήφ από την Αριμαθαία δεν αναφέρεται ξανά; Πώς κατάφερε να πάρει το νεκρό σώμα τόσο γρήγορα από τον Πιλάτο; Γιατί οι γυναίκες πάνε να αλείψουν με μύρο τον Ιησού μετά την ταφή του; Γιατί πηγαίνουν την αυγή και όχι το προηγούμενο βράδυ όταν το Σάββατο είχε ήδη τελειώσει;
Όλα αυτά, και πολύ περισσότερα, «μυστήρια» εξηγούνται από τον Dennis R. MacDonald στο βιβλίο του Τα Ομηρικά Έπη και το Ευαγγέλιο του Μάρκου. Πού βρίσκονται οι απαντήσεις σε όλα αυτά τα ερωτήματα; Όπως ήδη θα καταλάβατε, στην Ιλιάδα και στην Οδύσσεια του Ομήρου, του μεγαλύτερου ποιητή όλων των αιώνων.
Η συγκλονιστική άποψη του Μακ Ντόναλντ είναι ότι το Ευαγγέλιο του Μάρκου αποτελεί μια προσεκτικά μελετημένη και συνειδητή κατασκευή ενός αντι–έπους, βασισμένου σχεδόν αποκλειστικά στα έπη του Ομήρου. Ο λογοκλόπος Μάρκος απλά «εκσυγχρονίζει» και εξιουδαΐζει τον Οδυσσέα, παρουσιάζοντας έναν νέο ήρωα, τον Ιησού. Η άλλη παράμετρος για την συγγραφή του Ευαγγελίου, όπως είναι φυσικό, είναι η Παλαιά Διαθήκη, από την οποία όμως ο Μάρκος αντλεί συντριπτικά λιγότερα στοιχεία.
Ο Ντέννις Ρ. Μακ Ντόναλντ είναι καθηγητής της θεολογίας στο Πανεπιστήμιο της Καλιφόρνιας
Το εξώφυλλο του βιβλίου του Ντέννις Ρ. Μακ Ντόναλντ, Τα Ομηρικά Έπη και το Ευαγγέλιο του Μάρκου
Θα αναφέρω λίγα μόνον στοιχεία από το συγκλονιστικό βιβλίο του Μακ Ντόναλντ, ελπίζοντας να το δούμε και σύντομα μεταφρασμένο στην γλώσσα μας.
Οι μαθητές του Ιησού είναι ψαράδες –σε μια κατάξερη Παλαιστίνη– επειδή και ο Οδυσσέας με τους συντρόφους του είναι ναυτικοί. Ο Ιησούς είναι ξυλουργός επειδή και ο Οδυσσέας, όπως αναφέρει ο Όμηρος, είναι και ξυλουργός. Οι ομοιότητες είναι ατέλειωτες. Ο Πέτρος μοιάζει στον Ευρύλοχο όχι μόνον επειδή και οι δύο ομιλούν εξ ονόματος όλων των υπόλοιπων μαθητών–συντρόφων, αλλά επειδή και οι δύο κατηγορήθηκαν από τους ηγέτες τους ότι είχαν καταληφθεί από κακούς δαίμονες, αλλά και διότι και οι δύο προτίμησαν, αντί να υποφέρουν, να σπάσουν τους όρκους τους προς τον ήρωά τους.
Γιατί οι αρχιερείς χρειάζονταν τον Ιούδα για να αναγνωρίσει και να τους υποδείξει τον Ιησού, ώστε να τον συλλάβουν; Τον γνώριζαν ήδη. Ο Ιησούς δίδασκε δημόσια στην Παλαιστίνη επί τρία χρόνια και, σε μια τουλάχιστον περίπτωση, μιλώντας στο ναό συνδιαλέγεται με τους αρχιερείς κατηγορώντας τους ότι κατέστησαν «τον οίκο» του «σπήλαιο ληστών». Η απάντηση είναι απλή. Ο προδότης Ιούδας «παίζει το ρόλο» του Μελάνθιου, γιου του Δολίου, στην Οδύσσεια. Μετά την επιστροφή του στην Ιθάκη, ελάχιστοι ήταν εκείνοι που αναγνώρισαν τον Οδυσσέα, που εμφανίζεται σαν ζητιάνος. Ο Μελάνθιος είναι εκείνος που προδίδει τον Οδυσσέα και επιχειρεί να εφοδιάσει με όπλα τους μνηστήρες.
Η Ευρύκλεια, η τροφός του Τηλέμαχου, είναι από τους λίγους ανθρώπους που αναγνωρίζει τον Οδυσσέα. Η Ευρυνόμη, υπηρέτρια στο παλάτι, λούζει τον Οδυσσέα, τον μυρώνει και του φορά καθαρά ρούχα. Ο Μάρκος παίζει με τα ονόματα των δύο γυναικών, όταν αναφέρει το περιστατικό όπου μια, μη επονομαζόμενη, γυναίκα σπάει ένα ένα πανάκριβο δοχείο με μύρο και χρίει τον Ιησού. Και ενώ οι μαθητές του αγανακτούν, ο Ιησούς λέει να την αφήσουν ήσυχη διότι «όπου και αν κηρυχθεί αυτό το ευαγγέλιο σε όλο τον κόσμο» [να κηρυχθεί, δηλαδή, ο νόμος –ευρύτατα– σε όλο τον κόσμο (Ευρυνόμη)], «εκείνο που αυτή έκανε, θα αναφερθεί σε ανάμνησή της», θα δοξαστεί δηλαδή παντού (Ευρύκλεια).
Ο Μακ Ντόναλντ βρίσκει έντεκα ομοιότητες ανάμεσα στην σταύρωση του Ιησού και στον θάνατο του Έκτωρα, όλες με την ίδια σειρά, και έντεκα ακόμα ομοιότητες ανάμεσα στην διήγηση του Μάρκου για την ταφή του Ιησού και στην διήγηση του Ομήρου για την ταφή του Έκτωρα, όλες με την ίδια σειρά. Όσο για την ανάσταση, τίποτα το εξαιρετικό. Οι ήρωες του Ομήρου πηγαινοέρχονται διαρκώς στον Άδη. Το μόνο που προσθέτει ο Μάρκος είναι η εκ νεκρών ανάσταση…
Στην Οδύσσεια ένας σύντροφος του Οδυσσέα αποκοιμιέται και πέφτοντας από την σκεπή σκοτώνεται. Το φάντασμά του μάς λέει πόσο «κακότυχος» ήταν. Στις Πράξεις των Αποστόλων, ένας νεαρός πέφτει επίσης από ένα παράθυρο, καθώς αποκοιμήθηκε, και σκοτώνεται. Αυτός ο νέος είναι περισσότερο τυχερός. Τυχαίνει να περάσει ο Παύλος από εκεί και τον ανασταίνει. Το όνομά του; Εύτυχος!
Όλοι οι σχολιαστές του Μακ Ντόναλντ συμφωνούν σε ένα σημείο: το έργο του κλείνει μια για πάντα το ζήτημα του χριστολογικού. Μερικά παραδείγματα, όσον αφορά τα δάνεια του ευαγγελιστή Μάρκου από τον Όμηρο, θα ήταν ενδιαφέροντα. Πρόκειται όμως για αμέτρητες περιπτώσεις.
Διαπιστώνουμε, λοιπόν, ότι ο Μάρκος δεν είναι απλώς κάποιος εγγράμματος φίλος, σύντροφος, μαθητής κάποιων αγράμματων ψαράδων από την Ιουδαία. Γνωρίζει άριστα τα έπη του Ομήρου. Η κοινή ελληνική, που ήταν η διεθνής γλώσσα της εποχής του, είχε τεράστιες διαφορές από την γλώσσα του Ομήρου (μια απλή ματιά στα Ευαγγέλια και στον Όμηρο αρκεί). Η μελέτη του Ομήρου την εποχή εκείνη προϋπόθετε την παράλληλη μελέτη λεξικών αλλά και σχολιογραφικών έργων πάνω στην Ιλιάδα και την Οδύσσεια. Ποιοι είχαν τη δυνατότητα να το κάνουν αυτό; Μα, φυσικά, οι Ρωμαίοι.
11 Σχόλια:
Γιατί μπλέκεις τα μυστήρια φαινόμενα με τον Χριστιανισμό; Και άλλοι αλλόθρησκοι δεν κάνανε θαύματα; Και άλλοι αλλόθρησκοι δεν προφήτευαν; Απλά αυτοί τα έκαναν με τη βοήθεια του Σατανά σύμφωνα με τον Χριστιανισμό...
Μην τα μπλέκεις. Τα ανεξήγητα προς το παρόν φαινόμενα δεν έχουν σχέση με θρησκείες.
Δεν έχεις ακουσει για φωτεινές μπάλλες ενέργειας; Σε συνδυασμό με τον υγρό φώσφορο έχουμε το άγιο φως. Τελευταία μάθαμε για ηλεκτρονικές παρεμβολες στον Πανάγιο τάφο. Μα τα ιδια γίνονται και στο σπήλαιο της Πεντελης εδω και χρόνια. Τι σύμπτωση...
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SO FAR, SO GOOD !
Για να παμε τωρα, να "εξηγησουμε" πως γινεται αυτο το φαινομενο με το Παναγιο Φως καθε Μεγα Σαββατο...
Και μετα, παμε να "εξηγησουμε" τα "φαινομενα" που εχει πραξει ο Αγιος Παισιος ο Αγιοριτης, και περιγραφονται επωνυμα απο τους εμπλεκομενους ανθρωπους στους δυο τομους με τιτλο "Μαρτυριες Προσκυνητων"....
Και τα ξαναλεμε !
Other Saviors and Sons of God
Many of the other sons of God, and several “daughters of God” and goddesses
such as Diana Soteira as well, share numerous aspects with the Christian savior, such
as the following notable examples.
The Arabian Issa purportedly lived around 400 BCE in the western Arabian
region of Hijaz, where also existed places called Galilee, Bethsaida and Nazareth, a
town that was not founded in Palestine until after “Jesus of Nazareth’s” alleged era.
The similarities between the Arabian Issa and the Palestinian Jesus are many and
profound.
Aesclepius is the great healing god of the Greeks who had long, curly hair, wore
robes and did miracles, including raising the dead. Of Aesclepius, Dujardin relates:
The word Soter has not only the meaning of Saviour, but also of Healer; it is the title
given to Esculapius . . . it is interesting to realize that the same men who carried to
the world the revolutionary message of salvation by union with the god were at the
same time an organized group of healers, who day by day earned their living by the
practice of healing.cccxlvi
It has also been demonstrated that the Orphic religion is similar to Christianity.
In Jesus Christ: Sun of God, David Fideler relates of the Greek hero/god Orpheus:
Orphism promulgated the idea of eternal life, a concept of “original sin” and
purification, the punishment of the wicked in the afterlife, and the allegorical
interpretation of myth, which the early church fathers applied to the Christian
scriptures. Orpheus was known as the Good Shepherd, and Jesus was frequently
represented as Orpheus, playing music and surrounded by animals, a symbol of the
Peaceable Kingdom or Golden Age, representing the ever-present harmony of the
Logos. Like Orpheus, Jesus descended to Hell as a savior of souls.cccxlvii
Indeed, as Werner Keller relates:
In Berlin . . . there is a small amulet with a crucified person, the Seven Sisters and the
moon which bears the inscription ORPHEUS BAKKIKOS. It has a surprisingly Christian
appearance. The same can be said of a representation of the hanging Marsyas in the
Capitoline Museum in Rome.cccxlviii
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Zoroaster/Zarathustra
As they do concerning the founders of other religions and sects, many people
have believed that Zoroaster was a single, real person who spread the Persian
religion around 660 BCE. However, Zoroastrianism is asserted to have existed
10,000 years ago, and there have been at least “seven Zoroasters . . . recorded by
different historians.”cccxxxix Thus, it is clear that Zoroaster is not a single person but
another rendering of the ubiquitous mythos with a different ethnicity and flavor.
Zoroaster’s name means “son of a star,” a common mythical epithet, which Jacolliot
states is the Persian version of the more ancient Indian “Zuryastara (who restored
the worship of the sun) from which comes this name of Zoroaster, which is itself but
a title assigned to a political and religious legislator.” Zoroaster has the following in
common with the Christ character:
· Zoroaster was born of a virgin and “immaculate conception by a ray of divine
reason.”cccxl
· He was baptized in a river.
· In his youth he astounded wise men with his wisdom.
· He was tempted in the wilderness by the devil.
· He began his ministry at age 30.
· Zoroaster baptized with water, fire and “holy wind.”
· He cast out demons and restored the sight to a blind man.
· He taught about heaven and hell, and revealed mysteries, including
resurrection, judgment, salvation and the apocalypse.cccxli
· He had a sacred cup or grail.
· He was slain.
· His religion had a eucharist.
· He was the “Word made flesh.”
· Zoroaster’s followers expect a “second coming” in the virgin-born Saoshyant
or Savior, who is to come in 2341 CE and begin his ministry at age 30,
ushering in a golden age.
That Zoroastrianism permeated the Middle East prior to the Christian era is a
well-known fact. As Mazdaism and Mithraism, it was a religion that went back
centuries before the purported time of the “historical” Zoroaster. Its influence on
Judaism and Christianity is unmistakable:
When John the Baptist declared that he could baptize with water but that after him
would come one who would baptize with fire and with Holy Ghost, he was uttering
words which came directly from the heart of Zoroastrianism.cccxlii
“Zoroaster” considered nomads to be evil and agriculturalists good, and viewed
Persia, or Iran, to be the Holy Land. Like his Christian missionary counterparts, he
believed that the devil, Angra Mainyu or Ahriman, “sowed false religions,” which his
followers later claimed to be Judaism, Christianity, Manichaeism, and Islam.cccxliii
And, like its offspring Yahwism, Zoroastrianism was monotheistic and forbade
images or idols of God, who was called in Zoroastrianism “Ormuzd” or “Ahura-
Mazda.” Thus, religious intolerance may also be traced to its doctrines. Larson
relates the influence of Zoroastrianism on Christianity:
Among the basic elements which the Synoptics obtained from Zoroastrianism we
may mention the following: the intensely personal and vivid concepts of hell and
heaven; the use of water for baptism and spiritual purification; the savior born of a
true virgin-mother; the belief in demons who make human beings impure and who
must be exorcised; the Messiah of moral justice; the universal judgment, based upon
good and evil works; the personal immortality and the single life of every human
soul; the apocalyptic vision and prophecy; and the final tribulation before the
Parousia. . . . In addition, Paul, Revelation, and the Fourth Gospel drew heavily upon
Zoroastrianism for elements which are absent from the Synoptics: e.g., the doctrine
of absolute metaphysical dualism, the Logos concept, transformation into celestial
spirits, the millennial kingdom, Armageddon, the final conflagration, the defeat of
Satan, the renovation of the universe, and the celestial city to be lowered from the
Supreme Heaven to the earth.cccxliv
As Wheless states:
All these divine and “revealed” doctrines of the Christian faith we have seen to be
originally heathen Zoroastrian mythology, taken over first by the Jews, then boldly
plagiarized by the ex-Pagan Christians.cccxlv
Prometheus of Greece
The Greek god Prometheus is said to have migrated from Egypt, but his drama
traditionally took place in the Caucasus mountains. Prometheus shares a number of
striking similarities with the Christ character:
· Prometheus descended from heaven as God incarnate to save mankind.
· He had a “especially professed” friend, “Petraeus” (Peter), the
fisherman, who deserted him.cccxxix
· He was crucified, suffered and rose from the dead.
· He was called the Logos or Word.
Mithra of Persia
Mithra/Mitra is a very ancient god found both in Persia and India and predating
the Christian savior by hundreds to thousands of years. In fact, the cult of Mithra
was shortly before the Christian era “the most popular and widely spread ‘Pagan’
religion of the times,” as Wheless says. Wheless continues:
Mithraism is one of the oldest religious systems on earth, as it dates from the dawn of
history before the primitive Iranian race divided into sections which became Persian
and Indian . . . When in 65-63 B.C., the conquering armies of Pompey were largely
converted by its high precepts, they brought it with them into the Roman Empire.
Mithraism spread with great rapidity throughout the Empire, and it was adopted,
patronized and protected by a number of the Emperors up to the time of
Constantine.cccxxii
Indeed, Mithraism represented the greatest challenge to Christianity, which
won out by a hair over its competitor cult. Mithra has the following in common with
the Christ character:
· Mithra was born of a virgin on December 25th in a cave, and his birth was
attended by shepherds bearing gifts.
· He was considered a great traveling teacher and master.
· He had 12 companions or disciples.
· Mithra’s followers were promised immortality.
· He performed miracles.
· As the “great bull of the Sun,” Mithra sacrificed himself for world
peace.cccxxiii
· He was buried in a tomb and after three days rose again.
· His resurrection was celebrated every year.
· He was called “the Good Shepherd” and identified with both the
Lamb and the Lion.
· He was considered the “Way, the Truth and the Light,” and the
“Logos,” “Redeemer,” “Savior” and “Messiah.”
· His sacred day was Sunday, the “Lord’s Day,” hundreds of years
before the appearance of Christ.
· Mithra had his principal festival on what was later to become Easter.
· His religion had a eucharist or “Lord’s Supper,” at which Mithra said,
“He who shall not eat of my body nor drink of my blood so that he
may be one with me and I with him, shall not be saved.”cccxxiv
· “His annual sacrifice is the passover of the Magi, a symbolical atonement or
pledge of moral and physical regeneration.”cccxxv
Furthermore, the Vatican itself is built upon the papacy of Mithra, and the
Christian hierarchy is nearly identical to the Mithraic version it replaced. As Walker
states:
The cave of the Vatican belonged to Mithra until 376 A.D., when a city prefect
suppressed the cult of the rival Savior and seized the shrine in the name of Christ, on
the very birthday of the pagan god, December 25.cccxxvi
Walker also says:
Christians copied many details of the Mithraic mystery-religion, explaining the
resemblance later with their favorite argument that the devil had anticipated the true
faith by imitating it before Christ’s birth.cccxxvii
Shmuel Golding states, in The Book Your Church Doesn’t Want You to Read:
Paul says, “They drank from that spiritual rock and that rock was Christ” (I Cor.
10:4). These are identical words to those found in the Mithraic scriptures, except that
the name Mithra is used instead of Christ. The Vatican hill in Rome that is regarded
as sacred to Peter, the Christian rock, was already sacred to Mithra. Many Mithraic
remains have been found there. The merging of the worship of Attis into that of
Mithra, then later into that of Jesus, was effected almost without interruption.cccxxviii
In fact, the legendary home of Paul, Tarsus, was a site of Mithra worship.
Of Mithraism the Catholic Encyclopedia states, as related by Wheless, “The
fathers conducted the worship. The chief of the fathers, a sort of pope, who always
lived at Rome, was called ‘Pater Patratus.’” The Mithraic pope was also known as
Papa and Pontimus Maximus.
Virtually all of the elements of the Catholic ritual, from miter to wafer to altar to
doxology, are directly taken from earlier Pagan mystery religions. As Taylor states,
“‘That Popery has borrowed its principal ceremonies and doctrines from the rituals
of Paganism,’ is a fact which the most learned and orthodox of the established church
have most strenuously maintained and most convincingly demonstrated.”
Krishna of India
The similarities between the Christian character and the Indian messiah Krishna
number in the hundreds, particularly when the early Christian texts now considered
apocryphal are factored in. It should be noted that a common earlier English spelling
of Krishna was “Christna,” which reveals its relation to “Christ.” Also, in Bengali,
Krishna is reputedly “Christos,” which is the same as the Greek for “Christ” and
which the soldiers of Alexander the Great called Krishna. It should be further noted
that, as with Jesus, Buddha and Osiris, many people have believed and continue to
believe in a historical Krishna. The following is a partial list of the
correspondences between Jesus and Krishna:
· Krishna was born of the Virgin Devaki (“Divine One”) on December 25th.cccii
· His earthly father was a carpenter,ccciii who was off in the city paying
tax while Krishna was born.ccciv
· His birth was signaled by a star in the east and attended by angels
and shepherds, at which time he was presented with spices.
· The heavenly hosts danced and sang at his birth.cccv
· He was persecuted by a tyrant who ordered the slaughter of
thousands of infants.
· Krishna was anointed on the head with oil by a woman whom he
healed.cccvi
· He is depicted as having his foot on the head of a serpent.
· He worked miracles and wonders, raising the dead and healing
lepers, the deaf and the blind.
· Krishna used parables to teach the people about charity and love, and
he “lived poor and he loved the poor.”cccvii
· He castigated the clergy, charging them with “ambition and
hypocrisy. . . Tradition says he fell victim to their vengeance.”cccviii
· Krishna’s “beloved disciple” was Arjuna or Ar-jouan (John).
· He was transfigured in front of his disciples.
· He gave his disciples the ability to work miracles.cccix
· His path was “strewn with branches.”cccx
· In some traditions he died on a tree or was crucified between two
thieves.
· Krishna was killed around the age of 30,cccxi and the sun darkened at
his death.cccxii
· He rose from the dead and ascended to heaven “in the sight of all
men.”cccxiii
· He was depicted on a cross with nail-holes in his feet, as well as
having a heart emblem on his clothing.cccxiv
· Krishna is the “lion of the tribe of Saki.”cccxv
· He was called the “Shepherd God” and considered the “Redeemer,”
“Firstborn,” “Sin-Bearer,” “Liberator,” “Universal Word.”cccxvi
· He was deemed the “Son of God” and “our Lord and Savior,” who
came to earth to die for man’s salvation.cccxvii
· He was the second person of the Trinity.
· His disciples purportedly bestowed upon him the title “Jezeus,” or
“Jeseus,” meaning “pure essence.”cccxviii
· Krishna is to return to judge the dead, riding on a white horse, and to do
battle with the “Prince of Evil,” who will desolate the earth.cccxix
The story of Krishna as recorded in the ancient Indian legends and texts
penetrated the West on a number of occasions. One theory holds that Krishna
worship made its way to Europe as early as 800 BCE, possibly brought by the
Phoenicians. Higgins asserts that Krishna-worship in Ireland goes back even further,
and he points to much linguistic and archaeological evidence of this early migration.
Krishna was reinjected into Western culture on several other occasions, including by
Alexander the Great after the expansion of his empire and his sojourn in India. It is
also claimed that his worship was reintroduced during the first century CE by
Apollonius of Tyana, who carried a fresh copy of the Krishna story in writing to the
West, where it made its way to Alexandria, Egypt. Graham relates the tale:
The argument runs thus: There was in ancient India a very great sage called Deva
Bodhisatoua. Among other things he wrote a mythological account of Krishna,
sometimes spelled Chrishna. About 38 or 40 A.D., Apollonius while traveling in the
East found this story in Singapore. He considered it so important he translated it into
his own language, namely, Samaritan. In this he made several changes according to
his own understanding and philosophy. On his return he brought it to Antioch, and
there he died. Some thirty years later another Samaritan, Marcion, found it. He too
made a copy with still more changes. This he brought to Rome about 130 A.D., where
he translated it into Greek and Latin.cccxx
Thus, we have the apparent origins of Marcion’s Gospel of the Lord, which he
claimed was the Gospel of Paul. In addition to the gospel story, the moralistic
teachings purportedly introduced by Jesus were established long before by Krishna.
These similarities constitute the reason why Christianity has failed, despite repeated
efforts for centuries, to make headway in India, as the Brahmans have recognized
Christianity as a relatively recent imitation of their much older traditions, which they
have considered superior as well. Higgins relates:
The learned Jesuit Baldaeus observes that every part of the life of Cristna [Krishna]
has a near resemblance to the history of Christ; and he goes on to show that the time
when the miracles are supposed to have been performed was during the Dwaparajug,
which he admits to have ended 3,100 years before the Christian era. So that, as the
Cantab says, If there is meaning in words, the Christian missionary admits that the
history of Christ was founded upon that of Crishnu [Krishna].cccxxi
Horus/Osiris of Egypt
The legends of Osiris/Horus go back thousands of years, and many people over
the millennia have thought Osiris to be a real person, some claiming he lived up to
22,000 years ago. The cult of Osiris, Isis and Horus was widespread in the ancient
world, including in Rome. In the Egyptian myth, Horus and his
once-and-future Father, Osiris, are frequently interchangeable, as in “I and my
Father are one.” Concerning Osiris, Walker says:
Of all savior-gods worshipped at the beginning of the Christian era, Osiris may have contributed more details to the
evolving Christ figure than any other. Already very old in Egypt, Osiris was identified with nearly every other
Egyptian god and was on the way to absorbing them all. He had well over 200 divine names. He was called the Lord
of Lords, King of Kings, God of Gods. He was the Resurrection and the Life, the Good Shepherd, Eternity and
Everlastingness, the god who “made men and women to be born again.” Budge says, “From first to last, Osiris was
to the Egyptians the god-man who suffered, and died, and rose again, and reigned eternally in heaven. They believed
that they would inherit eternal life, just as he had done. . . .”
Osiris’s coming was announced by Three Wise Men: the three stars Mintaka, Anilam, and
Alnitak in the belt of Orion, which point directly to Osiris’s star in the east, Sirius (Sothis),
significator of his birth. . . .
Certainly Osiris was a prototypical Messiah, as well as a devoured Host. His flesh was
eaten in the form of communion cakes of wheat, the “plant of Truth.”. . . The cult of
Osiris contributed a number of ideas and phrases to the Bible. The 23rd Psalm copied an
Egyptian text appealing to Osiris the Good Shepherd to lead the deceased to the “green
pastures” and “still waters” of the nefer-nefer land, to restore the soul to the body, and to
give protection in the valley of the shadow of death (the Tuat). The Lord’s Prayer was
prefigured by an Egyptian hymn to Osiris-Amen beginning, “O Amen, O Amen, who are
in heaven.” Amen was also invoked at the end of every prayer.cclxxxviii
As Col. James Churchward naively exclaims, “The teachings of Osiris and Jesus
are wonderfully alike. Many passages are identically the same, word for word.”cclxxxix
Massey provides other details as to the similarity between Osirianism and
Christianity:
For instance, in one of the many titles of Osiris in all his forms and places he is called
“Osiris in the monstrance”. . . In the Roman ritual the monstrance is a transparent
vessel in which the host or victim is exhibited. . . . Osiris in the monstrance should of
itself suffice to show that the Egyptian Karast (Krst) is the original Christ, and that
the Egyptian mysteries were continued by the Gnostics and Christianized in Rome.ccxc
Osiris was also the god of the vine and a great travelling teacher who civilized the
world. He was the ruler and judge of the dead. In his passion, Osiris was plotted
against and killed by Set and “the 72.” Like that of Jesus, Osiris’s resurrection served
to provide hope to all that they may do likewise and become eternal.
Osiris’s “son” or renewed incarnation, Horus, shares the following in common
with Jesus:
· Horus was born of the virgin Isis-Meri on December 25th in a cave/manger
with his birth being announced by a star in the East and attended by three
wise men.
· His earthly father was named “Seb” (“Joseph”).
· He was of royal descent.ccxci
· At age 12, he was a child teacher in the Temple, and at 30, he was
baptized, having disappeared for 18 years.
· Horus was baptized in the river Eridanus or Iarutana
(Jordan)ccxcii by “Anup the Baptizer” (“John the Baptist”),ccxciii who
was decapitated.
· He had 12 disciples, two of whom were his “witnesses” and were
named “Anup” and “Aan” (the two “Johns”).
· He performed miracles, exorcised demons and raised El-Azarus (“El-
Osiris”), from the dead.
· Horus walked on water.
· His personal epithet was “Iusa,” the “ever-becoming son” of “Ptah,”
the “Father.”ccxciv He was thus called “Holy Child.”ccxcv
· He delivered a “Sermon on the Mount” and his followers recounted
the “Sayings of Iusa.”ccxcvi
· Horus was transfigured on the Mount.
· He was crucified between two thieves, buried for three days in a
tomb, and resurrected.
· He was also the “Way, the Truth, the Light,” “Messiah,” “God’s
Anointed Son,” the “Son of Man,” the “Good Shepherd,” the “Lamb of
God,” the “Word made flesh,” the “Word of Truth,” etc.
· He was “the Fisher” and was associated with the Fish (“Ichthys”),
Lamb and Lion.
· He came to fulfill the Law.ccxcvii
· Horus was called “the KRST,” or “Anointed One.”ccxcviii
· Like Jesus, “Horus was supposed to reign one thousand years.”ccxcix
Furthermore, inscribed about 3,500 years ago on the walls of the Temple at
Luxor were images of the Annunciation, Immaculate Conception, Birth and
Adoration of Horus, with Thoth announcing to the Virgin Isis that she will conceive
Horus; with Kneph, the “Holy Ghost,” impregnating the virgin; and with the infant
being attended by three kings, or magi, bearing gifts. In addition, in the catacombs at
Rome are pictures of the baby Horus being held by the virgin mother Isis—the
original “Madonna and Child.” As Massey says:
It was the gnostic art that reproduced the Hathor-Meri and Horus of Egypt as the
Virgin and child-Christ of Rome . . . You poor idiotai, said the Gnostics [to the early
Christians], you have mistaken the mysteries of old for modern history, and
accepted literally all that was only meant mystically.ccc
Moreover, A. Churchward relates another aspect of the Egyptian religion found
in Catholicism:
We see in the ancient Catholic churches, over the main altar, an equilateral triangle,
and within it an eye. The addition of the eye to the triangle originated in Egypt—“the
all seeing eye of Osiris.”ccci
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Dionysus/Bacchus
Dionysus or Bacchus is thought of as being Greek, but he is a remake of the Egyptian god Osiris, whose cult extended throughout a large part of the ancient
world for thousands of years. Dionysus’s religion was well-developed in Thrace, northeast of Greece, and Phrygia, which became Galatia, where Attis also later
reigned. Although Dionysus is best remembered for the rowdy celebrations in his name, which was Latinized as Bacchus, he had many other functions and contributed
several aspects to the Jesus character:
· Dionysus was born of a virgin on December 25 and, as the Holy Child, was placed in a manger.
· He was a traveling teacher who performed miracles.
· He “rode in a triumphal procession on an ass.”
· He was a sacred king killed and eaten in an eucharistic ritual for fecundity and purification.
· Dionysus rose from the dead on March 25th.
· He was the God of the Vine, and turned water into wine.
· He was called “King of Kings” and “God of Gods.”
· He was considered the “Only Begotten Son,” “Savior,” “Redeemer,” “Sin Bearer,” “Anointed One,” and the “Alpha and Omega.”
· He was identified with the Ram or Lamb.cclxxx
· His sacrificial title of “Dendrites” or “Young Man of the Tree” intimates he was hung on a tree or crucified.
As Walker says, Dionysus was “a prototype of Christ with a cult center at Jerusalem,” where during the 1st century BCE he was worshipped by Jews, as noted.
Dionysus/Bacchus’s symbol was “IHS” or “IES,” which became “Iesus” or “Jesus.” The “IHS” is used to this day in Catholic liturgy and iconography. As Roberts relates:
“IES,” the Phoenician name of the god Bacchus or the Sun personified; the etymological meaning of that title being, “I” the one and “es” the fire or light; or taken
as one word “ies” the one light. This is none other than the light of St. John’s gospel; and this name is to be found everywhere on Christian altars, both Protestant and Catholic, thus clearly showing that the Christian religion is but a modification of Oriental Sun Worship, attributed to Zoroaster. The same letters IHS, which are in the Greek text, are read by Christians “Jes,” and the Roman Christian priesthood added the terminus “us”. . .
And Larson states: Dionysus became the universal savior-god of the ancient world. And there has never been another like unto him: the first to whom his attributes were accredited, we call Osiris; with the death of paganism, his central characteristics were assumed by Jesus Christ.
Like Jesus the Nazarene, Dionysus is the “true Vine,” and the grape imagery is important to both cults. As Walker says: [The grapevine] was preeminently an incarnation of Dionysus, or Bacchus, in his role of sacrificial savior. His immolation was likened to the pruning of the vine, necessary to its seasonal rebirth. . . . In Syria and Babylon the vine was a sacred tree of life. Old Testament writers adopted it as an emblem of the chosen people, and New Testament writers made it an emblem of Christ (John 15:1, 5). When accompanied by wheat sheaves in sacred art, the vine signified the blood (wine) and body (bread) of the savior: an iconography that began in paganism and was soon adopted by early Christianity.
On Crete, Dionysus was called Iasius,cclxxxiv a title also of the godman of the Orphic mysteries of Samothrace, who has been identified with Dionysus and who was promulgated by the “apostle” Orpheus in his missionary work as he took the same route later purportedly traveled by Paul. Iasius, Iesius or Jason is in fact equivalent to Jesus.
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Buddha
Although most people think of Buddha as being one person who lived around 500 BCE, the character commonly portrayed as Buddha can also be demonstrated to be a compilation of godmen, legends and sayings of various holy men both preceding and succeeding the period attributed to the Buddha (Gautama/ Gotama), as
was demonstrated by Robertson:
. . . Gotama was only one of a long series of Buddhas who arise at intervals and who all teach the same doctrine. The names of twenty-four of such Buddhas who appeared before Gotama have been recorded. . . . It was held that after the death of each Buddha, his religion flourishes for a time and then decays. After it is forgotten, a new Buddha emerges and preaches the lost Dhamma, or Truth. . . .
It seems quite probable in the light of these facts that any number of teachings attributed to “the Buddha” may have been in existence either before or at the time when Gotama was believed to have lived. . . .
The name Gotama is a common one; it is also full of mythological associations. There was admittedly another Gotama known to the early Buddhists, who founded an order. So what proof is there that the sayings and doings of different Gotamas may not have been
ascribed to one person? . . .
Because of this non-historicity and of the following characteristics of the Buddha myth, which are not widely known but which have their hoary roots in the mists of time, we can safely assume that Buddha is yet another personification of the ancient, universal mythos being revealed herein.
The Buddha character has the following in common with the Christ figure:
· Buddha was born on December 25thccl of the virgin Maya, and his birth was
attended by a “Star of Announcement,” wise and angels singing
heavenly songs.
· At his birth, he was pronounced ruler of the world and presented with “costly jewels and precious substances.”
· His life was threatened by a king “who was advised to destroy the child, as he was liable to overthrow him.”
· Buddha was of royal lineage.
· He taught in the temple at 12.
· He crushed a serpent’s head (as was traditionally said of Jesus) and was tempted by Mara, the “Evil One,” when fasting.
· Buddha was baptized in water, with the “Spirit of God” or “Holy Ghost” present.
· He performed miracles and wonders, healed the sick, fed 500 men from a “small basket of cakes,” and walked on water.
· Buddha abolished idolatry, was a “sower of the word,” and preached “the establishment of a kingdom of righteousness.”
· His followers were obliged to take vows of poverty and to renounce the world.
· He was transfigured on a mount, when it was said that his face “shone as the brightness of the sun and moon.”
· In some traditions, he died on a cross.
· He was resurrected, as his coverings were unrolled from his body and his tomb was opened by supernatural powers.
· Buddha ascended bodily to Nirvana or “heaven.”
· He was called “Lord,” “Master,” the “Light of the World,” “God of Gods,” “Father of the World,” “Almighty and All-knowing Ruler,” “Redeemer of All,” “Holy One,” the “Author of Happiness,” “Possessor of All,” the “Omnipotent,” the “Supreme Being,” the “Eternal One.”
· He was considered the “Sin Bearer,” “Good Shepherd,” the
“Carpenter,”cclxvi the “Infinite and Everlasting,”cclxvii and the “Alpha and Omega.”
· He came to fulfill, not destroy, the law.
· Buddha is to return “in the latter days” to restore order and to judge the dead.”
In addition to the characteristics of the “teaching/savior god” as outlined above, the Buddhistic influence in Christianity includes: Renouncing the world and its
riches, including sex and family; the brotherhood of man; the virtue of charity and turning the cheek; and conversion. That Buddhism preceded Christianity is
undeniable, as is its influence in the world long prior to the beginning of the Christian era. As Walker relates:
Established 500 years before Christianity and widely publicized throughout the Middle East, Buddhism exerted more influence on early Christianity than church fathers liked to admit, since they viewed Oriental religions in general as devil worship. . . . Stories of the Buddha and his many incarnations circulated incessantly
throughout the ancient world, especially since Buddhist monks traveled to Egypt, Greece, and Asia Minor four centuries before Christ, to spread their doctrines. . . .
Many scholars have pointed out that the basic tenets of Christianity were basic tenets of Buddhism first; but it is also true that the ceremonies and trappings of both
religions were more similar than either has wanted to acknowledge.
As to Buddhistic influence in the specific area where the Christ drama purportedly took place, Larson states:
Buddhist missionaries penetrated every portion of the then known world, including Greece, Egypt, Baktria, Asia Minor, and the Second Persian Empire. Palestine must
have been permeated by Buddhist ideology during the first century. . . . The literature of India proves that Jesus drew heavily upon Buddhism, directly or indirectly, to obtain not simply the content of His ethics, but the very form in which it was delivered. Both Gautama and Jesus found parable effective.
Indeed, it seems that a number of Jesus’s parables were direct lifts from Buddhism; for example, that of the prodigal son.
The existence of Buddhism in the Middle East during the Christian era is acknowledged by Christian apologists themselves such as Cyril and Clement of Alexandria, who said the Samaneans or Buddhists were priests of Persia.
Furthermore, a number of scholars have pushed back the origins of Buddhism many thousands of years prior to the alleged advent of Gautama Buddha. Albert Churchward also traces the Buddha myth originally to Egypt:
The first Buddha was called Hermias, and can be traced back to Set of the Egyptians; he originated in the Stellar Cult. Later, however, the Solar Cult was carried to India, and the Buddha is there the representative of Ptah of the Egyptians. . . . . Sakya-Muni or Gautama, whose life and history were evolved from the pre-extant mythos, the true Buddha, . . . could become no more historical than the Christ of the gnosis. If Buddhism could but explicate its own origins, it would become apparent that it is both natural and scientific, i.e. the old Stellar Cult of Egypt. But the blind attempt to make the Buddha historical in one person will place it ultimately at the bottom of a dark hole.
Higgins also evinced that true “Buddhism” is much more ancient than the legends of the Buddha, since in ancient Indian temples long predating the era of
“Gautama” are depictions of the Buddha as a black man, not only in color but in feature.
In Higgins’s opinion, Buddhism has been the most widespread religion on the planet, also found in England, where it was the religion of the Druids. He also
states that the “Hermes of Egypt, or Buddha, was well known to the ancient Canaanites,” i.e., the people who preceded and in large part became the Israelites.
Therefore, Buddhism was no doubt an early influence on Hebrew thought and religion.
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